1. Contrary to the stereotype of noncaring, unstructured child-rearing practices among lower-SES parents, studies indicate “that lower-SES parents tend to stress obedience, respect, neatness, cleanliness, and staying out of trouble.” In comparison, the higher-SES parents tend to emphasize “happiness, creativity, ambition, independence, curiosity, and self-control.”
2. “Lower-SES parents are more controlling, power-assertive, authoritarian, and arbitrary in their discipline, and they are more likely to use physical punishment. Higher-SES parents are more democratic and tend to be either permissive or authoritative (to use Baumrind’s terms). They are more likely to use induction?and to be aware of and responsive to their children’s perspectives.”
3. “Higher-SES parents talk to their children more, reason with them more, and use complex language.” (This is especially true with middle-class mothers and daughters.)
4. “Higher-SES parents tend to show more warmth and affection toward children.”
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